Economic Viability of Vehicle-to-GridParticipation for a Swedish HousingCooperative

Sammanfattning

Sweden’s energy transition is challenged by rising electricity demand, grid capacity constraints and the need for increased flexibility. Power-based tariffs have been introduced to encourage more responsive consumption but pose challenges for consumers such as housing cooperatives. In this context, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology offers a promising solution by enabling electric vehicles (EVs) to charge from and discharge to the grid. While V2G has been widely studied, its economic viability, without synergies from complementary technology, under Sweden’s evolving market conditions remains underexplored. This thesis evaluates the economic viability of V2G in Swedish housing cooperatives using a mixed-integer optimization model in GAMS. The model simulates ten EVs under three charging strategies - uncontrolled, controlled, and bidirectional - across two network contracts from Ellevio and Vattenfall Eldistribution. It assesses cost savings through peak shaving and energy arbitrage, including the impact of battery degradation. Results show that V2G can reduce annual electricity costs by up to 10.3%, with payback periods between 4.5 and 8.8 years. Savings are mainly driven by peak shaving, which prove especially effective during high-load months, reducing peak power costs by up to 37.2%. Energy exports, without ancillary services, yield limited returns under current price spreads. Cost-effectiveness is closely tied to tariff design, as poorly structured tariffs may encourage behaviors that conflict with system efficiency. Sensitivity analysis further shows that battery degradation has minimal impact on peak shaving and only moderate effects on arbitrage. The study concludes that V2G is economically viable for housing cooperatives, especially for behind-the-meter optimization. However, unlocking its full potential requires smart tariff design, accessible infrastructure and supportive policy measures.