Simulation Based Analysis of Hydrogen Storage

Sammanfattning

Norrbotten has ambitious plans to contribute to sustainable development by producing green steel and bylaunching other hydrogen projects. A signifcant challenge is the high electricity demand and constant flow for hydrogen production, which requires collaboration with Finland. Hydrogen storage plays a crucial role in ensuring this continuous flow to industrial facilities, enabling a more stable and sustainable energy supply while integrating renewable energy sources into the system. Wind and solar data were collected around key-point areas of hydrogen production (Gällivare, Boden, Tornio, Oulu and Pyhäjoki) to simulate a realistic scenario of annual renewable electricity production. The purpose of this thesis is to simulate the hourly operation of the storage system to assess the requirements for capacity, compression power, and other key factors. The study is based on simulations conducted in Matlab based on parameters such as MWel installed, expected fow and storage volume. The study evaluates different scenarios, including both wind power alone and a mix of wind and solar power, to determine their impact on hydrogen storage and energy consumption.The results show that the storage volume and the compression electricity consumption vary significantly between locations and system configurations. In a scenario with 100% wind power and no expansion of Markbygden wind farm, storage volumes range from 171 000 m3 in Pyhäjoki to 4 204 000 m3 in Oulu, while compression electricity consumption varies from 89 000 MWh/year to 2 383 000 MWh/year. When expansion is included, storage requirements increase with Boden reaching 2 726 000 m3 and Oulu 3 364 000 m3. In a mixed wind andsolar scenario, the required storage volume decreases in some locations with the electricity requirements for compression staying the same. The percentage of annual production that must be stored varies between 5.4 %och 8.3 %, depending on location and confguration, although they were previously estimated to be much higher. This shows a great opportunity for the integration of hydrogen into the energy grid.