A simulation of circular battery systems for electric trucks : A battery lifecycle simulation model

Sammanfattning

The transition to a circular economy within the heavy-duty vehicle industry is pivotal to reducing environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency. This thesis investigates the lifecycle of battery systems in electric heavy-duty vehicles through a multi-agent-based and discrete event simulation model, aiming to quantify the economic, environmental, and operational effects of circular practices. Firstly, a comprehensive logistics network model is developed that incorporates automotive workshops, battery collection hubs, and repair hubs. This model supports the quantification of circular practices by simulating the interactions and lifecycle stages of battery systems, from initial use to end-of-life strategies, including repair, recycling, and re-purposing. Secondly, different supply chain parameters are analysed with regards to their influence on circular business outcomes, i.e., cost, material usage, profitability, and carbon emissions within the European heavy-duty vehicle sector. The study employs multi-agent-based and discrete event simulation to evaluate various circular strategies under multiple scenarios, providing insights into the optimal configurations for maximising economic and environmental benefits. The findings indicate that implementing circular strategies significantly enhances both economic performance and environmental sustainability. Key performance indicators such as operational expenditure (OPEX), revenue, and carbon emissions are analysed over a twenty-year horizon, demonstrating the long-term viability and impact of circular practices. This research contributes to the understanding of circular supply chain dynamics and offers a robust framework for decision-making in the heavy-duty vehicle industry.