Hydrogen production pathways in Sweden : An analysis of low-carbon hydrogen technologies in comparison with Norway, Germany, and Morocco

Sammanfattning

Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in Sweden’s transition towards a fossil-free energy system. The interest in hydrogen has increased rapidly in recent years, with numerous projects in various areas, such as green steel production. However, many projects have been delayed or discontinued. The aim of this project is to identify which hydrogen projects are most suitable for Sweden. This is addressed by examining the current strengths and weaknesses of different hydrogen production technologies, as well as the future opportunities and challenges associated with hydrogen deployment in Sweden. The project examines four low-carbon hydrogen production technologies; electrolysis, steam methane reforming (SMR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS), methane pyrolysis, and biomass gasification. The results indicate that electrolysis can be considered “green” and is very developed, but it is expensive and energy-intensive. SMR with CCS is a mature and inexpensive technology, but it entails a natural gas dependency and faces public scepticism. Methane pyrolysis does not have any process emissions, but is not an especially mature technology. Biomass gasification is renewable, can be carbon negative and has low cost; however, it has relatively low energy efficiency and requires biomass availability. To examine opportunities and challenges, Sweden is compared to Norway, Germany, and Morocco. The results indicate that there are great opportunities for hydrogen in Sweden, due to great availability of low-cost, low-carbon electricity and biomass resources, as well as the industry being a strong and driving force. Challenges include limited government support, lack of long-term clarity, and insufficient infrastructure. In conclusion, Sweden is well suited for hydrogen projects, particularly hydrogen production via electrolysis or biomass gasification.