Beräkning av växthusgasutsläpp från privatägda personbilar i Sverige, med hänsyn till tillverkningsutsläpp

Sammanfattning

This report examines greenhouse gas emissions from the use of light-duty vehicles in Sweden, expanding the scope to include manufacturing of the car body and batteries. A simplified life cycle assessment based on results from LCA's done at Chalmers university and Polestar Cars is applied to a generic swedish light-duty vehicle, and comparisions are made both between different drivelines and fuels, and with the goals set in the Fit for 55-package for road transport. Results of this work is analysed with respect to insights about resource avaliability, transportation needs and avaliable alternative methods of transport in Sweden, to propose methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from light-duty vehicles that are both effective, and practical to implement. The results of the analysis are that electric vehicles and conventional vehicles run on biofuels or e-fuels are, with some variance depending on the specific car and fuels, equally effective at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels do have limited avaliability both in Sweden and globally, and electrification is therefore deemed to be the preferred option. However, the difference between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and purely electric vehicles was found to be small, and for some applications plug-in hybrids may therefore be preferred due to the smaller amount of battery minerals required. Ideally, a bio- or e-fuel powered plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is the least greenhouse gas emitting option, but no such cars have been commercially produced, although some aftermarket conversions exist. The study also found that all drivelines have room for improvement regarding greenhouse gas emissions, mainly by actively making policy to reduce the average size of light-duty vehicles. To achieve both this goal and increase electrification, direct purchase bonuses or tax benefits to the vehicle itself were deemed to be effective, whereas fuel taxation to affect the purchase price of fuels for customers seems to have virtually no effect on fuel demand, mainly due to limited avaliability of direct competing optins. The study also found that the most efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from light-duty vehicles is to not use them, and instead rely on improvements to the public transit system, but that the amount of travel that can practically be replaced with public transit is limited in Sweden. Public transit therefore needs to be considered as a complement to private-owned light-duty vehicles, not a replacement.