Förekomst och prevention av axelskador hos elitspjutkastare : En kartläggande översikt

Sammanfattning

Purpose The purpose of this study was to map and analyze the current state of research regarding shoulder injuries in elite javelin throwers, focusing on biomechanical injury mechanisms during the delivery phase and preventive training concepts for injuries to the shoulder joint. Method The study was conducted as a scoping literature review with searches performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. The search strategy combined systematic search strings with chain searching of literature published after 1986. A source-critical evaluation of the included literature was conducted based on established criteria for currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose. Results The results indicate that shoulder injuries are the most frequent injury type among elite throwers, driven by high torque (117 ± 27 Nm) and angular velocities (> 2000 °/s). The literature emphasizes that shoulder health depends on kinetic chain efficiency, where lead-leg stability and trunk energy transfer are decisive factors in offloading the joint. Regarding Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit, recent research suggests it is a functional adaptation rather than a pathology, if total range of motion is maintained. Effective preventive strategies include neuromuscular protocols (e.g., "The Thrower's Ten"), plyometrics, and systematic screening via the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. Conclusion The conclusion of this work is that injury prevention for elite javelin throwers is, in practice, synonymous with performance training. By optimizing stability in the proximal segments (legs and trunk), the shoulder can function as an energy transmitter rather than a power generator, thereby reducing the risk of overload. For the javelinthrower, this implies that the focus of rehabilitation and prevention should shift from isolated shoulder training to the optimization of the mechanics and endurance of the entire kinetic chain.