Literature review of the toxicity of naturally occurring cyanotoxins of drinking water relevance

Sammanfattning

This paper provides a comprehensive literature review focusing on the genotoxic, oxidative stress, and neurotoxic effects of two cyanotoxins, cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin (ATX), commonly found in freshwater reservoirs worldwide. The research addresses the growing concern of cyanobacteria presence in drinking water, driven by factors like global warming, urbanization, and sewage discharges. Given the cyanobacteria's resistance to conventional purification methods, the importance of this report is emphasized. By utilizing the Scopus database, the study collects relevant information and examines the toxicological profiles of CYN and ATX, aiming to understand their varying potencies. The selection of relevant studies is based on predefined search criteria, focusing on in vitro and in vivo experiments with pure toxin samples. To facilitate comparisons, LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration) and NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) values are determined, and unit conversions are performed for consistency. Results indicate that oxidative stress appears to be the most sensitive toxicity parameter, followed by genotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, comparisons between CYN and ATX reveal nuanced differences in potency, with CYN showing higher potency for oxidative stress and genotoxicity based on available data. The methods used for assessing these toxicities demonstrate reliability, particularly techniques measuring ROS, DNA damage, and AChE activity. Despite the strengths of molecular assessments, the paper highlights the limitations of solely relying on them to predict broader physiological impacts in humans. Combining in vivo studies with molecular assessments offers a more comprehensive understanding of how CYN and ATX could affect human health. Moreover, there is an imperative need for cost-effective techniques to combat cyanotoxins in water treatment. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of ongoing research to better understand and mitigate the risks associated with cyanotoxin contamination in drinking water.