Optimal Control of An Energy Storage System Providing Fast Charging and Ancillary Services

Sammanfattning

In this thesis, we explore the potential of financing a fast charging system with energy storage by delivering ancillary services from the energy storage in an optimal way. Specifically, a system delivering frequency regulation services FCR-D Up and FCR-D Down in combination with energy arbitrage trading is considered. An optimization model is developed that could be implemented operationally and then used in a Monte-Carlo simulation to estimate the net present value of the system for four identified cases at three different energy market price scenarios. The main modeling approach is to formulate the system as a state-space model serving as the foundation for model predictive control, with the delay between decision and delivery of the frequency regulation services incorporated as a part of the system state. The optimization of the system is implemented using a dynamic programming approach with a time horizon of 48h, where the choice of admissible controls is optimized for computational efficiency. The result shows that the system could profitable under optimal operation, but it is heavily dependent on the size of the grid connection, future price levels for ancillary services, and the nature of fast-charging demand. As such, the business case and profitability should be evaluated with a specific use case in mind. The developed model showed relatively good computational efficiency for operational implementations with a run time for one iteration of the optimization problem of 15 seconds. The model could therefore be used as the foundation for future research within the specific field and for similar control problems considering delayed controls and stochastic demand. Several proposed improvements and suggested areas of future research are proposed.